Doors and windows are the unit of the building, the decorative symbol of the facade effect, and finally reflect the characteristics of the building. Although different buildings have different requirements for the design of doors and windows, and the details of doors and windows vary greatly, some rules can be found.

1. The facade division of doors and windows shall conform to the aesthetic characteristics, and the following factors shall be considered in the division design

(1) coordination of division proportion. For a single glass plate, the length width ratio should be close to the golden section ratio as far as possible, and it should not be designed as a square or a narrow rectangle with a length width ratio of more than 1:2. The height of the transom is generally 1 / 4 ~ 1 / 5 of the frame height, which should not be too large or too small;

(2) the division of facade of doors and windows should not only have certain rules, but also reflect the changes, and seek the rules in the changes; the division lines are dense and have degrees; the division of equal distance and equal size shows preciseness, solemnity and seriousness; the free division of unequal distance shows rhythm, liveliness and movement;

(3) at least the horizontal dividing lines of doors and windows in the same room and wall shall be on the same horizontal line as far as possible, and the vertical lines shall be aligned as far as possible;

(4) when designing the facade of doors and windows, the overall effect requirements of the building shall be considered, such as the contrast between the real and the virtual, the light and shadow effect, the symmetry, etc.

2. Color selection of doors and windows (including the color of glass and profile)

The color selection of doors and windows is an important part that affects the final effect of the building. The color of doors and windows should be matched with the characteristics of the building. When determining the color, it should be agreed with the architect, the owner and other parties.

3. Personalized design of doors and windows

According to customers' different hobbies and aesthetic views, we can design a unique facade shape of doors and windows.

4. Permeability of doors and windows

It is better not to set horizontal frame and vertical frame in the elevation of doors and windows within the height range of line of sight (about 1.5m-1.8m) of the main view part to avoid blocking the line of sight. Some doors and windows need to use high transmittance glass or require a larger open field of vision, which is convenient for viewing the outdoor landscape.

5. Lighting and ventilation of doors and windows

The ventilation area of doors and windows and the number of movable fans shall meet the requirements of building ventilation; at the same time, the lighting area of doors and windows shall also meet the requirements of the standard for lighting design of buildings (GB / t50033-2001) and the requirements of building design drawings. Article 4.2.4 of the design standard for energy efficiency of public buildings (GB 50189-2005) stipulates that the area ratio of windows to walls in each direction of the external windows of buildings shall not be greater than 0.70. When the window wall area ratio is less than 0.40, the visible light transmittance of the glass shall not be less than 0.4.

Safety design of doors and windows

1. Wall thickness requirements for aluminum profile of doors and windows

Classic aluminum doors and windows

The wall thickness of aluminum profile for windows is in line with the current national standard of high precision, and the minimum wall thickness of the stressed members is ≥ 1.4mm.

1. The stress bars of doors and windows (such as smooth hook and groove, middle column, bright sliding, bright up sliding, double edge, etc.) must be subject to strict compression calculation. When the profile is used as the stress bar, the wall thickness of the profile shall be selected by calculation according to the use conditions. The stress components of aluminum alloy doors and windows shall be determined by test or calculation.

2. Safety design of door and window glass

(1) selection of glass: the thickness of glass shall be determined by calculation and shall not be less than 5mm. Safety glass (toughened glass or laminated glass) must be used for doors and windows of the following parts of the building:

(a) opening windows outside buildings of 7 floors and above;

(b) window glass with an area greater than 1.5 ㎡;

(c) floor to ceiling windows less than 500 mm from the bottom of the glass to the final finish;

(d) inclined windows with an angle of less than 75 ° to the horizontal and more than 3 m from the indoor floor;

(E) framed glass doors with glass area greater than 0.5 ㎡;

(f) frameless glass doors shall be tempered glass with a thickness of not less than 10 mm.

(2) the overlap between glass and notch and other matching dimensions shall comply with the provisions of table 5 and table 6 in aluminum alloy window (GB / t8479).

(3) rubber gasket shall be used for flexible contact between glass and aluminum alloy frame groove.

(4) the glass shall be subject to mechanical edge grinding, and the mesh number of grinding wheel shall be more than 180.

3. Selection and design of hardware accessories.

(1) when selecting hardware accessories, try to select products with guaranteed quality. The quality level of hardware accessories shall be consistent with the quality level of doors and windows. The structure and shape of hardware accessories shall be consistent with the profile. The color shall be harmonious and beautiful, the function shall be correct, the operation shall be flexible and the installation shall be convenient.

(2) the installation of hardware accessories shall be complete, standardized, reliable and accurate. After installation, doors and windows shall be beautiful in appearance, flexible and convenient to open, without deformation, obstruction and collision.

(3) stainless steel products shall be preferred for exposed fasteners of hardware fittings.

(4) multiple locking points shall be used when opening doors and windows horizontally and sliding doors and windows with large size are closed, otherwise the air tightness will be greatly reduced under the action of negative pressure difference. Considering the convenience of operation, it is better to use multiple locking point handle or driver.

(5) the length of the sliding brace of the casement is generally 2 / 3 of the width of the sash, such as 1 / 2 for the lighter sash, and 1 / 2 for the upper hung window.

(6) for windows in typhoon area and high-rise buildings, it is recommended to install the sashes with sliding braces instead of hinges.

4. The overlap between sliding door and window sash and upper and lower frame guide rails shall not be less than 10 mm, and safety measures such as anti falling block and anti-collision block must be installed to prevent the sash from falling and hurting people when opening.

5. The height between the lower frame of the movable sash on the outer wall of the building and the indoor ground shall not be less than 900mm. Under special circumstances, if it is less than 900mm, other protective safety measures (such as adding protective railings, etc.) shall be taken.

⒍ the screws and bolts used for the connection and fixation of aluminum alloy doors and windows must be made of high-quality stainless steel products to prevent the screws from loosening due to electrochemical corrosion. The stainless steel screws shall be machine-made threads as far as possible, and self tapping screws shall be avoided as far as possible. The screw connection shall be designed to be in shear state.

⒎ doors and windows shall be reliably connected and fixed with the wall

The connection methods of doors and windows and walls mainly include steel frame connection, dovetail iron foot welding connection, dovetail iron foot and embedded parts connection, fixed steel sheet shot bolt connection, fixed steel sheet metal expansion bolt connection and so on. The thickness of dovetail iron foot shall be ≥ 3mm. The thickness of the fixed steel sheet is ≥ 1.5mm, and the width is ≥ 15mm. All dovetail iron feet and fixed steel sheet surfaces shall be hot-dip galvanized. The distance between the fixed points of the door and window connection is generally between 300 mm and 500 mm, which cannot be greater than 500 mm.

(1) steel frame is suitable for the connection of doors and windows with various walls, with high installation accuracy, reliable connection, but high cost.

(2) the connection between the door and window and the steel structure can be made by welding the dovetail iron foot, and the connection between the dovetail iron foot and the steel structure can be adjusted by welding the steel bar or steel angle code.

(3) the connection between the door and window and the light wall should adopt the welding connection method of the dovetail iron foot and the embedded parts, and the dovetail iron foot and the embedded parts should be welded and adjusted with the steel bar or steel angle code.

(4) the connection between doors and windows and reinforced concrete wall can be fixed with steel sheet (or dovetail iron foot) or metal expansion bolts. When the fixed steel sheet is used to connect and fix the doors and windows, the gap between the frame around the doors and windows and the wall shall be plugged with cement mortar. Cement mortar caulking can make the outer frame of doors and windows firmly and reliably connected with the wall, and plays an important role in strengthening the frame materials of doors and windows. When the gap is filled with polyurethane foam sealant or other flexible materials, the fixed steel sheet should be replaced by swallowtail iron feet to ensure the reliability of the connection between doors and windows.

(5) the connection between doors and windows and brick wall can be connected by fixed steel sheet (or dovetail iron foot) metal expansion bolts. It is strictly prohibited to fix doors and windows with shooting nails on the brick wall. Like the reinforced concrete wall, when the fixed steel sheet is used, the cement mortar should be used to sew the gap. When the gap is filled with polyurethane foam sealant or other flexible materials, it should be fixed with swallowtail iron feet.

Waterproof seal design

1. Minimum control index of water tightness of aluminum alloy doors and windows

The lowest water tightness index of aluminum alloy doors and windows can be selected according to the following formula and shall not be less than 150pa (that is, the water tightness of aluminum alloy doors and windows shall not be less than level 2 index):

P=k×μz×μs×wo

Where p: design value of water tightness (PA);

Wo: basic wind pressure (n / ㎡);

μ Z: wind pressure height variation coefficient;

μ s: figure coefficient, 1.2;

K: coefficient, K value of coastal tropical storm and typhoon area is 0.3, and that of other places is 0.25.

2. Waterproof design of door and window structure

(1) in the structural design of aluminum alloy doors and windows, the principle of equal pressure is actively adopted, which is the most effective way to improve the waterproof and sealing performance of doors and windows.

(2) the overlap between movable sash and window frame shall not be too small, and the overlap between movable sash and window frame shall not be less than 6mm.

(3) for high-rise buildings, cold areas and areas with high energy-saving requirements, the flat type door and window structure shall be adopted as far as possible, and the push-pull type door and window structure shall be used less or not. Because there is a large gap between the sliding sash of push-pull doors and windows and the up and down rails, and the two adjacent sashes are not in the same plane, there is no sealing and pressing force between the two sashes, and only rely on the wool strip for overlapping and lapping, and there is a gap between the wool strips, the sealing effect is very weak, so the waterproof and sealing performance of push-pull doors and windows is poor. Two or three sealing rubber strips are set between the window sash and the window frame of the flat open type doors and windows. After the window sash is closed and locked, the sealing rubber strip is pressed tightly, and the middle cavity is easy to form an equal pressure cavity, so the doors and windows with excellent sealing performance can be designed.

(4) the aluminum alloy glass crimping line for the installation of windows and doors should be designed in the indoor direction to avoid water seepage between the glass crimping line and the window frame.

(5) the inside of sliding chamber of push-pull type doors and windows shall be designed with high enough water baffle, otherwise, when there is a certain pressure of outdoor rainwater, the rainwater will flow into the room through the water baffle.

(6) the upper part of the movable fan of the door and window shall be provided with a flashing, and the lower part shall be provided with a drainage hole.

(7) the exposed joint of the combined doors and windows shall be minimized, because the subtle joint cannot be sealed with sealant, resulting in leakage. If the exposed joint cannot be avoided due to structural reasons, the two contact surfaces of the profile at the joint shall form 90 °, which is convenient for sealing with sealant.